![]() ![]() Fusion is critical for many processes that involve the transport of cargos across membranes such as exocytosis, neurotransmission, infection of cells by enveloped viruses, fertilization, and intracellular transport 5, 6. How complex lipid compositions control the early stages of membrane fusion has not been systematically addressed. Understanding why biological cells synthesize and maintain this complex lipid repertoire, that is, defining the biological function and advantage of specific lipid compositions, remains a central goal of membrane biophysics. Recent lipidomics studies showed that the degree of polyunsaturation in the inner leaflet is approximately twice that of the outer leaflet 4. Apart from different head groups, lipid species differ by the length and unsaturation of the fatty acid tails. In the plasma membrane of mammals, sphingolipids are typically enriched in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) are enriched in the inner leaflet 3. The complexity of membranes is further increased by the membrane asymmetry, that is, by distinct lipid compositions in the two leaflets. In summary, the simulations reveal a drastic influence of the lipid composition on stalk formation and a comprehensive fusogenicity map of many biologically relevant lipid classes.Įukaryotic cellular membranes contain more than ten lipid classes, while each class comprises hundreds of different chemical species 1, 2. ![]() To rationalize these findings by the distinct lipid compositions, we computed ~200 free energies of stalk formation in membranes with different lipid head groups, tail lengths, tail unsaturations, and sterol content. The method reveals that the inner leaflet of a typical plasma membrane is far more fusogenic than the outer leaflet, which is likely an adaptation to evolutionary pressure. We first present a computationally efficient method for simulating thermodynamically reversible pathways of stalk formation at coarse-grained resolution. Here, we study how membrane complexity controls the energetics of the first steps of membrane fusions, that is, the formation of a stalk. Identifying the biological function and advantage of this complexity is a central goal of membrane biology. Many biological membranes are asymmetric and exhibit complex lipid composition, comprising hundreds of distinct chemical species. ![]()
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![]() ![]() ![]() Moleman9000 Fandoms: Multi-Fandom, Epic Rap Battles of History, Batman - All Media Types, Sonic the Hedgehog - All Media Types, My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, Total Drama, Frozen (2013), DC Animated Universe, The Sandman (Comics), Codename: Kids Next Door, Sly Cooper (Video Games), Fallout (Video Games), Elder Scrolls, Mass Effect, Watchmen (Comic), Daria (Cartoon), Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt, Game of Thrones (TV), Avatar: The Last Airbender, Ben 10 Series, Invader Zim, Death Note, World of Warcraft, Warcraft III, The Wizard of Oz & Related Fandoms, Animaniacs, Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie Comic), Rockman | Mega Man Classic, Inspector Gadget (Cartoon), Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, Short Circuit (1986), My Life as a Teenage Robot, James Bond - All Media Types, Ratchet & Clank, Dragon Ball, Sesame Street (TV), Winnie-the-Pooh (Disney), Powerpuff Girls, Moral Orel, The Simpsons, Little Shop of Horrors, Destroy All Humans! (Video Game), Neon Genesis Evangelion, Tetsuwan Atom | Astro Boy, Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars, Family Matters - Fandom, Beauty and the Beast (1991), Touhou Project, Godzilla - All Media Types, 2000 AD (Comics), Les Misérables (2012), Monkey Island, King's Quest V, Soul Calibur, Castlevania: Lords of Shadow, Borderlands, Banjo-Kazooie Series, Mad Max Series (Movies), Star Trek: The Next Generation, Call of Duty, IT - Stephen King, Discworld - Terry Pratchett, Supernatural, Darksiders (Video Games), Final Destination (Movies), Adventure Time, Chronicles of Narnia - C. ![]() Language: English Words: 2,751 Chapters: 1/1 Kudos: 6 Hits: 265 Miller's latest organic samples.Īfter a certain point, things go rather poorly. Capricorn_Stellium Fandoms: System Shock (Video Games)Ī member of the nursing staff on board the Von Braun has been asked to assist in the care of Dr. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Couldn't believe it when it soared to Number One. Matthew from Toronto, OnI always thought this was a dreadful song. ![]() I also noticed the double tracking of the drums why? who knows, but it adds to the punch! It really sounds great! Their song "Lost Girl" is really a great track too - too bad it didn't see the light of day at the time. One notice is the use of acoustic guitars and with the solo made me realize that the track has a lot of punch without being "plugged in". Jaimz from Vancouver, BcIt's mentioned on the site here that the song was mastered in mono only but I have a stereo version that completely gives the song a new lease on life.lead singer Reg Presley, born Reginald Maurice Ball, 1941 - 2013. ![]() The quartet had two other Top 100 records "I Can't Control Myself" (peaked at #43 in 1966) and "Love Is All Around" (reached #7 in 1968). The B-side of the 'Atco' release was "A Girl Like You" and it also make the Top 100, it reached #29. Its three weeks outside the Top 10 were 1st week at #75, 2nd week at #47 then jumped to #6, and its 11th & final week it was at #31 and then fell completely off the chart.Īs already stated because of a label dispute it was released on the 'Atco' and 'Fontana' record label in the U.S.A.
![]() Why should they give up their candy to appease a terrorist and someone that tried to succeed in a coup? The tradition of Nightmare Night, while fun, might have scared little colts and fillies until they grew older and laughed about it. Not a big deal in the long run, but it would inconvenience a lot of folks before things became finalized. While the actual physical damage was minimal, a lot more damage was done after her banishment.įor starters, you would probably have a small adjustment period in government, followed by a change of venue from Everfree to Canterlot. Latest comics: FiM #94, MLP/Transformers #4.To use an emoticon, enter (/xyz) x for the letter at the top-left cell of a chart, y for the column and z for the row of the emoticon. Like reading and participating in roleplays? Check out /r/roleplayponies! See our emotes in your inbox and all the rest of reddit with MLE. Click here for more info on NPT.Ĭheck out our subreddit Wiki! It's loaded with useful information about the subreddit and more!Ĭheck out the latest posts on the newest submissions page. Images are not allowed to be posted on Thursdays (No Pics Thursday). In addition, recent reposts are subject to removal.ĥ. Editing a title or pasting a vector into a submission that already exists is not allowed. Off-topic discussion with other fans should go to the MLPLounge.Ĥ. No submissions unless you are creating original content. ![]() You should be able to tell it's related without reading the title. Keep submissions and comments SFW, as well as out of excessively risqué territory.ģ. Be pony-like! Please read our MLP Reddiquette Guidelines.Ģ. ![]() Go here for links to watch all available Equestria Girls content!Ĭlick here to view bonus Pony Shorts and other official specials!ġ. Watch full Friendship is Magic episodes here! r/mylittleredacted remains open for talk regarding leaks. ![]() Announcement Meta Thread Artwork Discussion Official Media Meme Video Music Merch Writing Misc. ![]() |
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